Baltimore,
AS, Peneliti di Johns Hopkins menemukan bahwa antibiotik aman dan murah
yang biasa digunakan untuk mengobati jerawat sejak tahun 1970-an dapat membuat
HIV atau virus penyebab AIDS tertidur dan mencegah virus tersebut aktif kembali
dan bereplikasi.
Obat antibiotik bernama minocycline mungkin akan memperbaiki regimen pengobatan
saat ini untuk pasien terinfeksi HIV jika digunakan dalam kombinasi berdasar
standar obat HAART (Highly
Active Antiretroviral Therapy). Riset yang baru dipublikasikan
online ini akan dicetak pada Journal
of Infectious Diseases edisi 15 April.
"Keuntungan yang kuat menggunakan minocycline adalah bahwa virus yang
muncul berkurang sehingga mampu mengembangkan resistensi obat karena target
minocycline adalah di jalur sel bukan protein virus," kata Janice
Clements, Ph.D, wakil dekan fakultas dan profesor molekular dan komparatif
Pathobiology di Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, seperti dilansir
dari MedicalNewsToday,
Selasa (23/3/2010).
Menurut Clements, tantangan yang besar merawat pasien HIV saat ini adalah agar
virus tetap terkunci dalam keadaan tidak aktif. ART (Antiretroviral Therapy)
benar-benar efektif meredam replikasi (duplikat) aktif, minocycline adalah cara
lain untuk pertahanan melawan virus.
Tidak seperti obat-obatan yang digunakan dalam ART yang menargetkan virus,
target minocycline adalah sel kekebalan yang dikenal sebagai sel T. Menurut
Clements, minocycline mengurangi kemampuan sel T untuk aktif dan berkembang
biak, dua langkah yang penting pada produksi dan perkembangan HIV menuju AIDS.
ART biasanya dapat melindungi orang HIV dari sakit, tapi itu bukan obat. Virus
HIV dijaga pada tingkat yang rendah tetapi tidak pernah sepenuhnya dibersihkan.
Virus tersebut diam-diam tetap bersembunyi pada sel-sel kekebalan. Jika
seseorang berhenti mengonsumsi ART atau melewatkan dosisnya, virus dapat aktif
kembali, keluar dari sel-sel kekebalan tubuh dan mulai menyebar.
Gagasan untuk menggunakan minocycline sebagai tambahan terhadap ART muncul
ketika tim peneliti Hopkins melakukan penelitian pada pasien rematik yang
menunjukkan efek anti-inflamasi dari minocycline pada sel T.
Tim Hopkins menghubungkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya, yang menunjukkan bahwa
pengobatan minocycline memiliki banyak efek yang menguntungkan pada kera yang
terinfeksi SIV, HIV versi primata. Monyet yang diobati dengan minocycline,
beban virus dalam cairan serebrospinal dan RNA virus di otak secara signifikan
menurun. Obat ini juga menunjukkan pengaruh aktivasi dan proliferasi sel T.
"Karena minocycline dapat mengurangi aktifasi sel T, Anda mungkin berpikir
itu akan merugikan sistem kekebalan pada kera, yang sangat mirip dengan
manusia, tapi kita tidak melihat efek merugikan," kata Gregory Szeto, mahasiswa
pascasarjana di Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine yang bekerja di
Retrovirus Laboratory di Hopkins.
Menurutnya, obat ini pada keseimbangan yang baik, dan ideal untuk HIV karena
targetnya sangat spesifik yaitu aspek aktifasi sistem kekebalan.
Keberhasilan pada penelitian kera itu mendorong tim untuk mempelajari apakah
pengobatan minocycline berpengaruh pada latensi dalam sel T manusia yang
terinfeksi oleh HIV. Tim menggunakan sel manusia yang terinfeksi HIV yang
memakai ART, mengisolasi sel-sel kekebalan yang "beristirahat" dan
memperlakukan setengahnya dengan minocycline.
"Minocycline mengurangi kemampuan virus untuk keluar dari sel T terinfeksi
yang beristirahat," Szeto. Hal ini mencegah virus melarikan diri pada
seseorang yang menggunakan ART, dan karena itu dapat mencegah aktivasi virus,
mempertahankan tingkat latensi virus atau bahkan menurunkannya.
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